World Issues and Anthropology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

World Issues and Anthropology - Essay Example Anthropological study of environment will help me in defining and determining various forces that operate in the environment and the possible ways of handling the individual forces. I value anthropological study of the environment because of its efficiency and accurateness in providing a clear and broad overview on the ways one should interrelate and transform the environment into an attractive place for my stay. In addition, anthropological study of the environment will help in understanding various concepts that dominate different community and be able to structure appropriate techniques of ensuring maximum peaceful coexistence with different individuals. Understanding environmental issues from the anthropological point of view is equally critical for the world in that it helps in fostering peace and love, which are the basic determination of a healthy world. Anthropological study of the environmental issues assists and enlightens human beings from different societies concerning various business and trading activities and principles that overrule the current world. Anthropological study of the environment enable people to discern and understand the history of politics in different societies, to help in the set up and establishment of an appropriate political system to rule particular communities. In addition, anthropological study of the environment assists people in obtaining historical socio-cultural practices of different community thereby providing a clear link to perceiving the structure of different communities in the current world. Furthermore, anthropological study of the environment enables people opportunities to innovate a nd renovate vital tools and machines used in the contemporary world by studying the history of creation of certain items. Havilland argues that human nature is the same and only differs due to environmental changes within their surroundings. Havilland portends that the changes in the

Family-Oriented Pre-Trial Intervention Essay Example for Free

Family-Oriented Pre-Trial Intervention Essay Pre-trial intervention (PTI) has been shown to be more effective when the family is involved in the process.   Most PTI programs focus on the treatment given before release from confinement.   Family-oriented PTI programs look beyond the prison set-up and attempt to establish a community for the accused to return to (Dembo, 2003). The reality is that the social stigma against persons released from prison facilities poses a strong hindrance against re-integration into the community efforts towards rehabilitation (Tate, Reppucci, Mulvey, 1995).   By conducting regular and in-depth discussions with the family regarding rehabilitation, the basic social support system of the accused is assured (Dembo, 2003). The present study will replicate a family-intervention system conducted by Dembo, Schmeidler, and Wothke (2003) wherein families were trained to address the rehabilitative process a family-member was undergoing with the end goal of improving PTI.   However, in the study conducted by Dembo et al., the dependent variable was measured through self-report data. The present research will use indicators of reintegration into society along with repeated delinquent acts to assess whether or not family-intervention is indeed a rehabilitative process.   The succeeding sections will reflect the design and method of the research.   The research questions to be answered by the present study will also be clarified in order to show a clear direction of the research being conducted. Research Questions   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The present research will attempt to answer the question as to whether or not family-oriented pre-trial intervention programs improve rehabilitative efforts by increasing the incidence of community participation and integration as well as decreasing the incidence of delinquent behavior.   This question may be answered by looking into the activities engaged in by the offender upon release and with the introduction of family PTI.   The research has several hypotheses: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   That family PTI will increase community involvement; 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   That family PTI will decrease delinquent behavior; and 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   That family-oriented PTI programs are more effective in fostering rehabilitation than offender-centered PTI. Evaluation Population The main thrust of the research is to assess the efficacy of a proposed pre-trial intervention program.   A family-oriented program will thus be administered to one experimental group while a non-family-oriented program will be applied to another group.   These programs will be administered to one group of individuals and their families. By doing so, there will be greater parallelism in the comparison of the two programs.     Ã‚  Ã‚   Considering that the family set-up is most relevant in the case of minors, the present study will limit its population to juvenile delinquents (Alexander Parsons, 1973). In particular, this research will limit its population to minors still living with their parents.   In order to obtain a sufficient number of participants, several penal facilities will be asked for consent for the participation of their detained juvenile delinquents who have not yet started with their PTI programs.   This will control for confounding effects of other PTI programs which may be administered by the penal facility. Evaluation Design The design to be used in the present research is the experimental design.   The experimental design has been lauded as the most rigorous design.   It is essentially the gold standard of research designs because of its ability to isolate the independent variables being studied and their relationship with the dependent variables (Creswell, 2009). This is the most appropriate design for the research to be conducted because the juvenile delinquents who will give consent to participation in the experiment will be randomly assigned into two groups.   These two groups are the experimental and control groups.   Moreover, previous research has shown that rigorous methods provide the best results with respect to reduced recidivism in studies of juvenile delinquents (Latimer, 1999). The experimental and control groups will be identical in all regards except for the presence of family-intervention in the experimental group.   In both groups, the juvenile delinquent will undergo identical PTI processes wherein they will receive treatment and training regarding rehabilitative practices. However, in the first group there will be an added intervention wherein the researchers will actively foster a dialogue with the family of the juvenile delinquent in order to help them understand and cope with their child’s rehabilitation.   In order to assess whether changes have truly resulted, a pre-intervention assessment will be administered to the participants and their families.   After a period of six months the assessment will be administered again in order to track any changes in disposition and placement of the juvenile delinquents. Population and Sample The study will limit the number of participants to forty due to the longitudinal nature of the study and due to the need for in-depth counseling to be undertaken with the families involved.   Time and resource constraints would not support a study involving an experimental group of more than twenty families. The participants will be chosen primarily based on their prior reception of PTI treatment and the fact of residence with family members.   Demographic factors such age, gender, social status and family situation will be recorded and assessed but will not serve as criteria for acceptance into participation.   By doing so, the experiment retains a higher external validity.   However, the recording of these factors will broaden the discussion and interpretation of results as the effect these factors play on the rehabilitation of participants may emerge as serendipitous findings.

The North American Free Trade Agreement And Canada Politics Essay

The North American Free Trade Agreement And Canada Politics Essay The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) was ceremonially signed by the leaders of Canada, the United States, and Mexico on December 17st, 1992. After deliberations in each countrys democratic hall of power, it officially came into effect on January 1st, 1994. NAFTA is first and foremost an economic agreement between its three member countries. Its primary goal is to remove trade barriers and subsidies for national industries in order to create a truly free North American market which would better foster competition, thus increasing wealth and productivity. With those changes in effect, its effect was expected to be an increase income and a higher standard of living for the citizens of each country. At the same time, NAFTA would theoretically allow the member nations to leverage the advantages of a large free trade bloc in order to become more powerful internationally. Essentially, NAFTA was created with the vision of making Canada, the United States, and Mexico, more competitive internationally and within their borders, for the benefit of their governments and citizens. Looking specifically at the United States and Canada, there was previously an economic precursor to NAFTA a bilateral agreement simply called the Free Trade Agreement (FTA). This agreement came into force approximately 5 years before NAFTA, on October 4th, 1988. It shared the same principle vision as the future NAFTA agreement; to reduce trade barriers such as government barriers to competition, and liberalize the climate for investment thus allowing the easier facilitation of trade between the two countries. Reading economic reports and the opinions of pundits, youll find a lot of different opinions regarding NAFTA. One thing is known there is still a large amount of uncertainty and a lack of consensus as to whether NAFTA has been, in sum, a positive thing for Canada. Famous economists such as Nobel Winner Paul Krugman have stated that NAFTA has had a near zero effect on the Canadian economy, whereas economic reports such as one by Martin A. Anderson come out in contrary to Krugmans belief, supporting its enactment. Further in this summary, we will explore the central issues of NAFTA and its effect on Canada and its people. NAFTA and Economic Growth As previously mentioned, NAFTA remains a divisive issue. In truth, it is extremely difficult to isolate NAFTA as a variable in economic growth and other key metrics of society due to the interwoven nature of our economy. With the plethora of variables considered, it is challenging to prove NAFTA as a cause for improving economic conditions. However, it does seem that the a large amount of papers come out in support of NAFTA as an engine of economic growth, citing its positive effect on the Canadian economy by highlighting the general trend in lower unemployment rates and higher income from trade. Cited is an entry into the Journal of Economic Development with an article concerning which NAFTA member country has benefitted most from the treaty. It states that its effect on US Gross Domestic Product (GDP) has been minimal, whereas Canadas GDP has experienced a statistically significant increase due to the agreement. The paper goes on to theorize that this may be due to Canadas reliance on trade for its economy especially trade between NAFTA members. It goes on to say that the lack of effect on the US GDP may be due to the fact that its economy is much larger than our own, and that changes are not as clearly visible due to its scale. To put the scale of Canadian trade with the United States in perspective, in 1999, 82% of Canadian trade was trade between NAFTA nations. More recently, in 2009, 73% of Canadian exports went to the United States. The effect on such large parts of our economy being export dependent will be discussed later in this summary. Some more key metrics of changes in the Canadian economy, comparing 1995 to 2005: The unemployment rate decreased from 8.3% (1995) to 6.8%(2005). Canadian GDP was $721.26 billion in 1995 and $1024.92 billion in 2005 (values adjusted for inflation), a 42% increase. Interprovincial trade has increased 15.29% due to NAFTA since 1994. Notably, interprovincial trade increased in Alberta by 30.1%, Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland by ~24%. Interestingly, British Columbias interprovincial trade share decreased by 30.39%. Trade with the United States increased by 20.41% in Saskatchewan, and 17.77% in Manitoba. Most notably, Prince Edward Island increased trade with the United States by 67.07%. In contrast, British Columbias share of trade to the United States increased by only about 1%. Some of these values may have changed due to the changing economic climate of the past 5 years. For example, the unemployment rate has since increased to a current value of 7.9%. However, when interpreting these results, a trend becomes visible the Maritimes seem to have enjoyed a much larger share of trade than prior to NAFTA. The secondary sector of the Canadian economy concerns itself with manufacturing and general industry. Following the enactment of the FTA and NAFTA, the Canadian manufacturing industry had started to experience drastic changes. Because they were no longer as insulated to international competition, labour intensive industries such as Quebecs textile industry started to decline as cheap goods from other countries began to enter the market. Though many labour intensive jobs have shifted away to cheaper outsourced locations, there are large sections of Canadian industry that are more resilient to such shifts. One of these is the high-tech sector, which employs a large amount of skilled labour and creates advanced goods such as aircraft, new types of metal alloys, and intellectual property such as software. Industries such as biotechnology are much harder to outsource given their advanced nature, allowing Canadas relatively educated populace to contribute to the growth of these sectors res ulting in a net gain of employment. Most of these high-tech firms are located in Canadas industrial core Southern Ontario and Quebec. Ontarios location is greatly conducive to creating a good environment for trade. Northern Ontario produces many primary resources, such as forest products and minerals. Exports from Ontario to the United States were about the same value as its exports within Canada. By 1998, Ontarios exports to the United States increased to 2.5x the value of trade to the rest of Canada. The automobile industry is often cited as Ontarios most important export industry as it accounts for a large share of its trade, creating an environment of dependence upon that industry. Quebec is also heavily trade dependent, with exports of 25% of Canadas information technologies, 55% of aerospace production, 30% of pharmaceuticals, 40% of biotechnology, and 45% of high tech exports. Prior to 1989, about half of Quebecs trade went to other parts of Canada, and the other half was exported. By 2002, approximately 65% of Quebecs trade leaves Canada. NAFTAs Controversies Though NAFTA has clearly influenced our economy, most visibly with an increase in our exports and GDP, many believe that his trend presents a double-edged sword. The basic question put forward is to what length do we want our exports to increase?. A more globalized, or north-Americanized, economy also increases the risk of encountering economic repercussions due to recessions or the booms and busts of other countries. The most notable example of this would be the current economic recession, which many argue is only affecting Canada because of lower demand stemming from the economic uncertainty in the United States. With increasing globalization, it is becoming apparent that the intertwining of economies will continue and that our ability to insulate ourselves from global economic conditions will continue to decrease. It can be argued that NAFTA intertwines more than our economies. A controversial statute of the agreement Chapter 11 grants corporations the right to sue the signatory countries for compensation if their investments are adversely affected through regulatory means, especially if those regulations favour local businesses or constituents. One notable case of Chapter 11 use: Ethyl Corporation (USA) v. Government of Canada. Sued over Canadas federal ban over the gas additive MMT, which some studies have linked with neurotoxic effects. Canada was forced to overturn the ban and pay Ethyl Corporation in excess of $19million in compensation. Sun Belt Water, Inc (USA) v. Government of Canada. Sun Belt Water filed a claim for $105 million arguing that Canadian legislation thwarted its plans to export bulk quantities of fresh water from Canada. This claim has yet to be settled. Another important issue of concern is the so-called softwood lumber dispute between the United States and Canada. The dispute has carried significant implications for British Columbia, as the province accounts for over half of the total logging output of Canada. In 1982 the US lumber industry logged its first complaint. Tariffs have been fluctuating since 1986, and in 2001 duties on softwood lumber imported into the United States have reached as high as 27%. Both a NAFTA panel and the World Trade Organization have issued non-binding resolutions siding with Canada against the United States. Unfortunately, the tariffs remain despite these rulings and it appears that NAFTAs ruling against the United States has not influenced its policy. As recently as 2006 a new agreement has been reached in which import duties of $4billion that were charged will be returned (a total of $5billion in duties has been collected), however, Canada will be forced to increase export taxes on its own lumber if its price falls below US $355 per thousand board feet, in order to protect US companies. NAFTA has presented several environmental concerns to Canadians. As having one of the worlds largest capacities of freshwater, Canada has been under pressure to commoditize the resource in order to allow for its trade. The case mentioned above (Sun Belt Water, Inc v. Canada) goes to show this pressure. For the time being, legislation and political will has generally opposed the bulk sale of Canadian freshwater. Final Notes In the end, it can be said with some confidence that the North American Free Trade agreement has significantly altered the Canadian trade landscape. Though trade between NAFTA nations appears to have become more pervasive, questions remain about whether the continuing integration of other national economies is truly a good thing for Canada. Some believe that our very democracy is at stake now that foreign corporations have the power to overturn Canadian policy; which at a basic level is overturning the decisions of our elected politicians the only representatives of the Canadian people.

General Motors/UAW :: essays research papers

GM/UAW What Can We Expect? In the past, General Motors (GM) has been the top seller of the three major automakers and had one of the strongest unions in the United States. Today, GM is decreasing in rank due to other automakers. The moral among the members of the United Auto Workers (UAW) is diminishing. If things continue on this current path, GM may be of the pass. Even with all the discounts GM is advertising, this may not be enough to pull them out of their financial burden. Could the answers to GM worries be the UAW? The UAW was organized in the late 1930’s. The purpose of the organization was to protect the workers rights. GM was not in agreement with the workers forming a union. After much debate, the workers staged a sit down strike that lasted about six weeks. This tremendously affected GMs’ profits and they decided to give recognition to the UAW as having the right to represent workers who are union members. The UAW and GM are both strong organizations in their own rights. They must put aside their past disagreements and come together to help GM out of this financial situation. GM has threatened to make cuts on their own, causing breakdown in the relationship with the union. UAW is willing to make concessions, but not to the extent of what GM is demanding. UAW needs to open a contract talk before 2007, in order for GM to survive. Without a GM there will be no UAW, and UAW needs to remember that. GM and UAW seem to be playing a dangerous game that can destroy many people’s lively hood. GM is hurting financially and instead of asking for help from the UAW, GM prefer to threaten them about health care costs. GM chairman, G. Richard Wagoner Jr., said recently that he prefers to collaborate with the UAW on health care issues rather than a fight. Mr. Wagoner stated that he would press the issues for health care cost cuts with or without the union’s approval. It is crystal clear that we need to achieve a significant reduction in the health care cost disadvantage and it needs to be done now (Welch, 2005). GM is seeking to slash health care cost and the stakes are massive. Billion in potential savings for GM if their demands are met, but if not GM will have lost billions if the UAW strikes.

Ratio and Financial Statement Analysis Essay

This paper analyzes tools used in financial analysis such as ratios. Financial ratio analysis is a judicious way for different stakeholders to use for different goals. This paper demonstrates that financial ratio analysis is an important instrument to estimate resources and their used. It also demonstrates that despite the fact that financial ratio analysis is an excellent tool, it does have constraints. In fact, we will examine financial ratio by analyzing they limitations and they benefits. References used in this paper are from books and journal in a scholarly journal. Presentation of the data and the methodology used are objective; they are supported by cases. Is it possible to estimate or evaluate a company’s present and future performance? The answer is yes, but you need tools and learn how to use them. Financial ratio analysis is an excellent tool for companies to evaluate their financial health in order to identify feebleness so as to institute corrective measures. Financial ratios are first and foremost manager’s concern because they want to determine what divisions have performed well. It is as well stockholders’ concern because they want to know the value of their stock. Financial ratio is used by creditor to determine whether they will receive the money the loaned to the firm  (Parrino, Kindwell, & Bates, 2011). â€Å"Financial analysis is used to analyze whether an entity is stable, solvent, liquid, or profitable enough to be invested in† (Financial Analysis, Investopedia). The purpose of financial statement analysis is to help users in predicting the future. In other words, ratios are highly important profit tools that help to implement plans that improve profitability, liquidity, financial structure, reordering, leverage, and interest coverage. (Anonymous, 2000). Ratios are often able to help predict performance as well as provide indications of many potential problems. Despite the fact that financial ratio analysis can provide imminent problems of the company’s performance, some important limitation should be noted when using financial ratios. In fact, most financial ratios don’t tell the full story. This paper will analyze the benefits and limitations of ratio analysis, explaining what factors impact the meaningfulness of such measures. Financial ratio analysis is a useful tool for users of financial statement. According to parino et al (2011), ratio analysis simplifies the comprehension of financial statements. They inform the financial variation of the business. Thus, one of the advantages of using this tool is to acquire information about a business. For instance, the total debt ratio shows the use of debt in a firm’s capital structure. The higher the debt ratio, the more debt the company has. Another benefit of using ratio analysis is that they facilitate comparison between different businesses, and between firms which differ in size. As an illustration, let compare the Price-Earning ratio (P/E) of two companies with different business. Recall that P/E ratio is the ratio most people are familiar with and helps one determine whether or not a stock is too expensive or a really good deal by looking at the earnings relative to stock price (Siegel, Shim, 2000). As shown above, the ratio helps to gauge the trends of price-earnings of these for two different companies with different business; thus, the P/E ratio may help an investor to make decision. Financial ratio can also bring to light a company’s performance, strengths and weak points. And so, the firm may looks up areas that would need additional effort, upgrading and analysis. For instance, a high ratio inventory turnover ratio could mean that the company has had unexpectedly strong sales — a good sign, or it could mean the firm is not managing its buying as well as it might and inventory that remains in place produces no revenue and increases the cost associated with maintaining those inventories In addition, a ratio analysis provides an excellent and comprehensive tool that helps investment decisions in the case of investors and lending decision in the case of bankers. (Parrino, Kindwell, & Bates, 2011). An example of this will be a firm’s need of money to finance its asset. Creditors will look at company’s current ratio (current assets divide by current liabilities) to determine a company’s ability to weather financial crises, at least in short term. Loans are often attached to this ratio. In the same way, investor looks at company’s profitability ratios to measure how much profit a company generates when they are looking where to invest their money. As can be seen, financial ratios are remarkably helpful indicators of a firm’s performance, and financial situation. Although ratios analyses are useful tool, they should be used prudently. â€Å"Ratios are only as good as the data upon which they are based and the information with which they are compared.† (Kieso, Weygandt, Warfield, 2010)  Thus, ratios analysis present some disadvantages. First, ratios are insufficient in themselves as a source of evaluation about the future (Parrino et al, 2011). They just explain interactions involving past data while users are more interested about present and upcoming information (â€Å"Accounting for management†, 2011). Basically, they give a clue or sign of the business’ strengths and weak points, and that in short term. Therefore, they should be used as only one of analytical tools in the management. Not to mention that ratios are ineffective when used in isolation. Most financial ratios don’t tell the full story. They have to be put side by side over time for the same company or across company or with the sector’s average. A single ratio actually does not make a consistent conclusion. It takes more than a ratio to be evaluated to obtain a suitable action, which makes ratio analyses a little bit complex. For example, the return on asset ratio (ROA), and the profit margin ratios do not incorporate opportunity cost of risk. Similarly, the return on equity ratio (ROE) ignores cost of capital investments required to generate earnings. Another limitation is that ratio analysis depends on accounting data based on historical coast (Parino et al, 2011). According to Kiesel, the fact that ratio analysis is based on historical cost may lead to distortions in measuring performance. Given that the financial statement does not include any financial changes, a modification in price during the run period may not affect the calculated ratio. In fact, inaccurate assessments of the enterprise’s financial condition and performance can result from failing to incorporate fair value information ( Kieso and al, 2010) The last limitation of ratio analysis but not the least is the inflation factor. The fact that different inventory valuation (FIFO, LIFO, Average cost) may be in use to run a business, when prices tend to rise (inflation factor) the choice of accounting method is able to dramatically affect valuation ratios. To put it differently, inflation may render the comparison of financial ratios inappropriate. For instance, one business may use FIFO while another may use LIFO. If this is the case, some of the ratios, such as inventory turnover, and gross profit margin, would be disparate if prices  are rising. Another fact is that the variations of the ratios are shown to be acutely sensitive to recession (Kane, G.D, 1997). In his study, Kane, G.D affirms that value-relevance of many financial ratios are sensitive to the occurrence of recession. As has been noted, accounting policies, and inflation are some factors that have effect on the calculation of ratios. We can therefore argue that ratio analysis is practical tools for users of financial statement. Thus, it simplifies the understanding of financial report, it makes comparison between firms possible, it highlights a company’s performance, and it provides an appropriate tool that helps investor and creditors. We noted that financial ratios have some disadvantages. In fact, they are insufficient in themselves as a source of judgments; they are useless when used in isolation, and they can falsify comparisons when different accounting practices are used. All things considered, I will say that even if ratios analyses have concrete obstacles they still are the most useful tool in the financial world. The most important thing to keep in mind is to know how to use them, and understand their limitation. REFERENCE LIST Books and E-Books Books Kane, G.D (1997). The effect of recession on ratio analysis. The Mid-Atlantic Journal of Business,33 (1), 19. Retrieve from http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-19568525.html Kieso, D.,E., Weygandt, J.J., Warfield, T.D.(2010). Intermediate Accounting. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc Parrino, R., Kindwell, D., Bates, T. (2011). Fundamentals of corporate finance. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. E-Books Siegel, J.G., Shim, J.K. ( 2000). Dictionary of Accounting Terms, Retrieve from http://web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.umuc.edu/ehost Electronic sources Accounting for management, 2011. Retrieve from http://accountingexplained.com/financial/ratios/advantages-limitations http://www.nasdaq.com/symbol/mcd/pe-ratio http://www.investopedia.com/terms/f/financial-analysis.asp#axzz1sqK89uaF[pic][pic]

A good manager and a good leader Essay

What is more important, a good manager or a good leader? Discuss There are a lot of issues that are linked with managing oneself when trying to build work based relationship and engage positively in the organizational decision making procedure. The business sector in today’s society is cumulatively rapid, and with this prompt increase comes the need for more people to manage and lead the growing establishments, but this growing need also raises some potential questions: Can anyone become a leader or a manager? Is there a difference between the two? Can people be trained to become leaders or a managers? Just like many other questions that might be asked in business; these questions have no one, definite answer. I will begin first by acknowledging the definitions of the two root words; the word manage according to the â€Å"oxford online dictionary† means â€Å"Be in charge of (business, organization or undertaking, and having the position of supervising staff at work. W hile the word lead simply means to go or guide. Similarly as the two words have different meanings or definitions, they also have different purposes. To help individuals increase their capabilities in business, an internationally recognized motivational speaker by the name of â€Å"Marc Sanborn† has developed certain theories that, â€Å"much like in science or art, prove some things to be more true than others by providing supporting facts to prove the legitimacy of certain ways of thinking†. Most of his theories authenticate the fact that in general, â€Å"good managers tend to be good leaders, but good leaders are not always good managers†. It is stated by (Rodenberg, 2007, p. 14), Any company that cannot imagine the future will not be around to enjoy it. Therefore, before any manager or leader can affect changes in their business they have to do what â€Å"Marc Sanborn† describes as visioning; they must mentally look into what they want to see as the potential outcome of any given situation. Managers are concerned with the problem at hand; they focus on what has to be done. Leaders on the other hand, notice what has to be done, but spend their time figuring out how to get it done. To be an effective leader it is important to focus on the determined details of a situation, look for opportunities and how to achieve them. Visioning cannot be taught but can be developed (Maser, 1998, p. 10). It is important for both manager and leader to start from the end an d works backwards, or thinks to themselves â€Å"what will this team accomplish because of me? â€Å"Leadership is all about taking an organization to a place it would  not have otherwise gone without you, in a value-adding, quantifiable way. When you vision, you think your way into a situation and it is the approach in visioning that separates managers from leaders. Visioning however is not the only method that separates managers from leaders. (Buckingham, 2008, p. 3). The different strategies used by managers and leaders in terms of their use of human resources can also differentiate the major factors that influence each position. Managers are required to monitor, supervise, and get tasks done in a certain amount of time. Managers have to be efficient, and thus time is the most important human resource for them. By improving their efficiency, managers can improve their managerial success. Leaders, on the other hand, must strategically use not only their time, but energy as well. Therefore, leaders should use their energy efficiently because there is only a certain amount of tasks that can be done in one day. By using these resources strategically, leaders can also efficiently use the time and energy of others. According to (Stephen R. Covey, 1995, p. 27) â€Å"Managers try to put more time into life, while leaders try to put more life into their time†. Leaders must carefully plan out strategies they will use to accomplish given tasks because strategy is not the consequence of planning, but the opposite; it is the starting point. Understanding that managers and leaders have different strategic approaches in developing their human resources shows that it is the approach that separates one from the other. It is evident that by visioning the appropriate outcome and by using our human resources purposefully we can reach our goals efficiently. However, what good are the two if you are not focused on the right thing? The concept of focus is what â€Å"Stephen R. Covey† portrays as one of the most powerful factors in succeeding. To help us understand just how powerful the concept of focus can be, just like the â€Å"bird feeder story†, in which the squirrels were the victors in their attempt to eat from a feeder intended for the birds. The man that made the birdfeeder was unable to repel the squirrels from reaching the feeder simply because the squirrels were much more focused on achieving their goal than he was. (Perkins, 2012, p. 123) Similarly, if managers and leaders focus intentionally on any problem, their outcome will always abound over their competitors simply because more effort was put into the task at hand. As Marc Sanborn stated, â€Å"In the corporate world it is not intelligence which is the deciding factor in who succeeds, it is how focused  one is that makes all the difference. As mentioned by (Perry MCINTOSH, 2010, p. 45), time is the most valuable resource for managers because they must be efficient and be able to make a wisely use of it. Therefore, it can be said that the managers are focused on time. The prime focus in a managerial position is the speed at which tasks are completed. Leaders conversely are and should be more focused on being effective, that is their intentions are on doing the right thing. Marc also stressed out an example of two people who were trying to reach a destination. They were going at great speed and making good time, but they were going the wrong way. It is evident by now that there is indeed a great difference between managers and leaders and it is ultimately the approach taken upon certain methods that is the determinant of your leadership role. (Schermerhorn, 2011, p. 259) Explains that managerial power is positional power being the manager, â€Å"This power includes remunerations, force, and acceptability†. It is power over people whereas leadership is supportive power, and it is power with people. Whether you vision the destination, or the transportation there, whether you try to be efficient or effective, and whether you focus on the speed or the path all come into play as your leadership quality level. These qualities can be improved and developed if they are all focused on the right things. That is why good managers tend to be good leaders, because they can focus on getting tasks done proficiently and also do it right at the same time. (Swansburg, 1996, p. 435) Managers are good disciplinarians; they are able to manage certain objectives while being efficient. Many people tend to think that management and leadership are related. Good managers are not always good leaders. Managers usually can implement their management responsibilities succe ssfully but not show that they are great leaders as well. According to (Sims, 2002, p. 390), â€Å"an organization’s obligations for management and leadership will change as the elements affecting the organization change. Because leaders are important change agents, they play important roles when the external environment is changing fast as is the case with the new economy; and an organization has diminutive need for a strong change agent if little is changing around it†. To be able to lead proficiently will allow a successful person or leader to stand out from the average ones. A manager transacts with the everyday errands of the organization such as planning, organizing, and controlling but when you are a great leader you are able to  make effective changes inside the workplace. As stated by (Al Maktoum, 2006, p. 214), leading comprises of setting a pattern, direction and also generating a visual of the goals that must be met. Management involves establishing the structure of the company, hiring good people who are competent enough to complete the work at the right time, and also supervising events and activities. Leadership keeps employees inspired to overcome obstacles and focus on buildin g the organization towards its potential future. The typical manager tends to focus on the daily activities and short-term profits. They usually do things as they come along. This is fine if your goal is just to manage, but if you are looking advance and reach long-term goals then you must focus on being a leader to your assistants (Roger B. Winston, 2013, p. 45), to be a great leader and manager you cannot have one without the other. Managers must implement their tasks or else the organization can become ineffective and unorganized. Leadership on the other hand involves special processes that are distinguishable from basic management processes. Therefore, if one manager can master both roles effectively this can result in success. However good leaders are more supportive and creative and might sometimes lack the disciplinary quality of getting the right thing done as efficiently as possible. 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